Head Injuries

What are Head Injuries?

Head injuries refer to any trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain, caused by external mechanical forces. These injuries can range from mild concussions to severe brain damage. They are a significant public health concern, especially in accidents, falls, or sports-related incidents. Head injuries are classified as open or closed, depending on whether the skull is penetrated or intact.

Types of Head Injuries

Head injuries are categorised based on severity and the structures affected:

1. Concussion: A mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a blow or jolt to the head. Concussions may result in temporary confusion, dizziness, or memory loss.

2. Contusion: Bruising of the brain tissue, often associated with more severe trauma.

3. Skull Fracture: A break in the skull bone, which can be linear, depressed, or compound, potentially damaging the underlying brain.

4. Intracranial Haematoma: Accumulation of blood within the brain or between the brain and skull, which can increase intracranial pressure and require urgent treatment.

5. Diffuse Axonal Injury: Widespread brain damage due to severe rotational or shearing forces, often seen in high-impact accidents.

Symptoms of Head Injuries

Symptoms of a head injury depend on the type and severity of the trauma. Common symptoms include:

• Mild Injuries:

  • Headache

  • Dizziness

  • Nausea or vomiting

  • Temporary confusion or memory loss

  • Sensitivity to light or noise

• Moderate to Severe Injuries:

  • Persistent or worsening headache

  • Repeated vomiting or nausea

  • Loss of consciousness

  • Seizures

  • Weakness or numbness in the limbs

  • Slurred speech

  • Difficulty concentrating or profound confusion

  • Bleeding from the ears or nose

Diagnosis and Treatment Options

Diagnosis: Head injuries are evaluated using a combination of clinical assessments and imaging studies:

• Neurological Examination: Evaluates mental status, reflexes, and motor function.

• Imaging Studies:

  • CT Scan: Quickly detects fractures, bleeding, or swelling in the brain.

  • MRI: Provides detailed images, especially for detecting diffuse axonal injuries or soft tissue damage.

Treatment: Treatment for head injuries depends on the severity:

1. Mild Head Injuries:

   • Rest and close observation at home.

   • Over-the-counter pain relief medications, avoiding aspirin to prevent bleeding.

2. Moderate to Severe Head Injuries:

   • Hospitalisation: May involve monitoring intracranial pressure and addressing swelling.

   • Surgery: Required in cases of skull fractures, haematomas, or other severe injuries.

   • Rehabilitation: Physical, occupational, or speech therapy may be necessary for recovery.

Conclusion

Head injuries range from minor inconveniences to life-threatening conditions, necessitating timely diagnosis and care. At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center, we provide expert assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation services for individuals with head injuries. If you or someone you know has experienced a head injury, seek medical attention immediately to ensure the best possible outcome. Visit our centre for compassionate, evidence-based care.