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What is CT of the Brain? CT (Computed Tomography) of the brain is a sophisticated imaging technique that uses X-rays and computer technology to create detailed cross-sectional images of the brain. This non-invasive diagnostic tool is invaluable for assessing various neurological conditions, offering precise insights into the structure and abnormalities of the brain. How Does a CT Scan Work? CT scanning combines advanced X-ray equipment with computer processing to produce highly detailed images. Imaging Process : Multiple X-ray beams rotate around the head, capturing images from different angles. These are processed to create cross-sectional slices of the brain. Contrast Enhancement : In some cases, a contrast dye is used to highlight blood vessels or specific structures, improving diagnostic accuracy. The procedure is quick, typically lasting between 10 to 30 minutes, and is performed in a specialised radiology suite. Conditions Diagnosed with CT of the Brain CT brain scans are used to detect and diagnose a wide range of conditions, including: Trauma : Identifies skull fractures, haemorrhages, or swelling due to injury. Stroke : Differentiates between ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes, enabling prompt treatment. Tumours : Detects brain tumours or metastases. Hydrocephalus : Evaluates abnormal fluid accumulation within the brain. Infections : Assesses abscesses or other infections affecting the brain. Neurological Symptoms : Investigates causes of persistent headaches, seizures, or sudden changes in mental status. Benefits of CT Scans CT scans offer several advantages: Speed : Quick imaging is critical in emergencies, such as trauma or suspected stroke. Detail : Provides high-resolution images of the brain, essential for accurate diagnosis. Accessibility : Widely available and easy to perform, making it a first-line imaging choice for many conditions. Non-Invasive : A safe and painless method for assessing brain health. How is a CT Scan Administered? The process of undergoing a CT scan is straightforward: Preparation : Patients may be asked to avoid eating or drinking for a few hours before the scan if contrast dye is used. Positioning : The patient lies on a motorised table, which slides into the CT scanner. The head is stabilised to ensure clear imaging. Imaging : The scanner rotates around the head, capturing images. If contrast dye is used, it is administered intravenously during the procedure. Completion : The procedure is completed in minutes, after which patients can typically resume normal activities. Potential Side Effects While CT scans are generally safe, a few considerations include: Radiation Exposure : Minimal radiation is used, with benefits outweighing risks in most cases. Contrast Reactions : Rare allergic reactions to contrast dye may occur, but these are usually mild and manageable. Conclusion CT of the brain is an essential diagnostic tool that supports the timely and accurate identification of neurological conditions. At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center, we leverage advanced CT technology to provide precise and reliable diagnoses for our patients. If you are experiencing neurological symptoms or require an evaluation, consult our experienced team to determine whether a CT scan is appropriate for your needs.

What is a PET Brain Scan? A Positron Emission Tomography (PET) brain scan is a sophisticated imaging technique that provides detailed information about brain activity and function. By using a small amount of radioactive tracer, a PET scan captures metabolic activity, enabling the detection of abnormalities often before structural changes occur. Combined PET-MRI offers even greater precision, merging functional and structural imaging for a comprehensive assessment of the brain. How Does a PET Brain Scan Work? PET brain scans involve several steps to provide precise diagnostic images: Radioactive Tracer : A safe and small dose of radioactive tracer is injected, inhaled, or ingested. The tracer accumulates in areas of high metabolic activity, such as rapidly growing tumours or regions affected by neurological disorders. Imaging Process : The PET scanner detects gamma rays emitted by the tracer, creating detailed images of brain metabolism and function. PET-MRI Integration : When combined with MRI, the scan offers enhanced insights by overlaying functional data from PET with high-resolution structural details from MRI. This combination is invaluable in diagnosing complex brain conditions. Conditions Diagnosed with PET and PET-MRI Brain Scans PET and PET-MRI scans are highly effective in diagnosing and managing a range of neurological and oncological conditions, including: Brain Tumours : Identifying metabolic activity in tumour tissues and assessing their response to treatment. Dementia : Differentiating between Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, and other types of cognitive decline. Epilepsy : Pinpointing the origin of seizures to guide surgical planning. Parkinson’s Disease : Evaluating dopamine activity and other neurochemical changes. Traumatic Brain Injury : Detecting subtle functional impairments not visible on traditional imaging. Benefits of PET and PET-MRI Brain Scans These advanced imaging techniques offer numerous advantages: Early Detection : PET scans identify metabolic changes before structural abnormalities appear. Enhanced Precision : PET-MRI combines metabolic and structural imaging, providing a comprehensive view of the brain. Treatment Monitoring : Tracks the effectiveness of therapies for conditions like brain tumours or epilepsy. Customised Care : Supports tailored treatment plans by providing detailed diagnostic insights. How is a PET Brain Scan Administered? The procedure is non-invasive and typically follows these steps: Preparation : Patients may be asked to fast for a few hours before the scan. The radioactive tracer is then administered. Scanning : The patient lies on a comfortable table that slides into the PET scanner. The scan itself is painless and takes 20-60 minutes. PET-MRI Combination : For PET-MRI scans, the process incorporates additional MRI imaging, extending the session slightly. Analysis : A specialist interprets the results, correlating the images with the patient’s symptoms and medical history. Potential Side Effects PET scans are generally safe, but some patients may experience: Minor discomfort at the injection site of the tracer Rarely, mild allergic reactions to the tracer Temporary exposure to a low level of radiation, which is carefully regulated for safety Conclusion PET and PET-MRI brain scans are invaluable tools in diagnosing and managing complex neurological and oncological conditions. By providing functional and structural insights, these techniques support early detection and personalised care. At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center, we utilise advanced PET and PET-MRI technology to deliver precise and patient-centred diagnostic services. If you or your loved one requires advanced brain imaging, consult our experienced team to learn more about how PET scans can be an integral part of your care.

What is a Cerebral Angiogram? A cerebral angiogram is a specialised imaging test that provides detailed visualisation of the blood vessels in the brain. It is essential for diagnosing and evaluating conditions affecting the brain's vascular system, such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and blockages. By using various technologies, cerebral angiograms help healthcare providers determine the best course of treatment. Types of Cerebral Angiograms There are three primary types of cerebral angiograms, each with unique applications: CT Angiogram (CTA) Combines computed tomography (CT) imaging with contrast dye injected into a vein to produce high-resolution images of blood vessels. Provides quick results and is often used for emergency evaluations, such as detecting aneurysms or strokes. MR Angiogram (MRA) Utilises magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to create detailed images of blood vessels without requiring radiation. Can be performed with or without contrast dye, making it suitable for patients with certain medical conditions. Often used for routine assessment of brain aneurysms or vascular abnormalities. Catheter Angiogram Considered the gold standard for vascular imaging, this method involves inserting a catheter into a blood vessel (usually in the groin) and guiding it to the brain’s arteries. A contrast dye is then injected, and X-rays capture dynamic images. Provides the most detailed information, allowing for precise diagnosis and treatment planning. Conditions Diagnosed with Cerebral Angiograms Cerebral angiograms are used to diagnose and evaluate various conditions, including: Aneurysms : Bulges in blood vessels that can rupture and cause bleeding. Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs) : Abnormal connections between arteries and veins. Stroke : Caused by blocked or ruptured blood vessels. Carotid Artery Disease : Narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the brain. Vasculitis : Inflammation of blood vessels. Benefits of Cerebral Angiograms Cerebral angiograms offer several critical advantages: Detailed Imaging : Provides highly accurate visualisation of blood vessels, essential for detecting abnormalities. Guided Interventions : In catheter angiograms, treatment procedures such as stent placement or embolisation can be performed simultaneously. Non-Invasive Options : CT and MR angiograms offer effective imaging without requiring surgical procedures. Early Detection : Enables prompt diagnosis and management of life-threatening conditions. How are Cerebral Angiograms Performed? Patient Preparation : Patients may need to fast for several hours before the procedure. Contrast dye allergies or kidney function may be assessed in advance. During the Procedure : CT/MR Angiogram : Involves lying on a scanner table while contrast dye is injected through an intravenous line. Imaging takes a few minutes. Catheter Angiogram : Requires local anaesthesia and a small incision for catheter insertion. Real-time X-rays guide the catheter to the brain’s blood vessels. Post-Procedure Care : Patients undergoing catheter angiograms may need a short observation period to monitor for complications. Hydration is encouraged to flush out the contrast dye. Potential Risks While generally safe, cerebral angiograms may have minor risks, including: CT/MR Angiogram : Allergic reactions to contrast dye or discomfort during the injection. Catheter Angiogram : Bleeding, infection, or blood vessel injury at the catheter insertion site. These risks are rare and are minimised through expert care and monitoring. Conclusion Cerebral angiograms are invaluable tools for diagnosing and managing vascular conditions in the brain. At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center, we offer advanced CT, MR, and catheter angiograms, ensuring precise and comprehensive diagnostic capabilities tailored to your needs. If you or your loved one requires a cerebral angiogram, trust our expert team to provide safe, effective, and compassionate care. Visit Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center today to learn more about our diagnostic services and how they can support your journey to better brain health.

What are NeuroMetrics and PsychoMetrics Brain Function Tests? NeuroMetrics and PsychoMetrics are advanced brain function tests designed to assess the neurological and cognitive health of individuals. These diagnostic tools employ state-of-the-art techniques to evaluate brain activity, cognitive abilities, and mental well-being. By using both traditional and digital methods, these tests provide comprehensive insights into brain function, enabling tailored treatment plans for a range of neurological and psychological conditions. How Do NeuroMetrics and PsychoMetrics Work? NeuroMetrics and PsychoMetrics evaluate different aspects of brain function through specific tests and assessments: NeuroMetrics : Measures electrical activity in the brain using techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG). Tracks neurological responses to sensory stimuli and tasks, providing insights into brainwave patterns and neural connectivity. PsychoMetrics : Assesses cognitive and emotional functions, including memory, attention, problem-solving, and emotional regulation. Utilises standardised questionnaires, tasks, and digital platforms to capture comprehensive data. Digital Brain Function Tests : Combines NeuroMetrics and PsychoMetrics using digital platforms for enhanced precision and efficiency. Interactive digital tools evaluate reaction times, processing speed, and other cognitive parameters, delivering instant results. Conditions Diagnosed with NeuroMetrics and PsychoMetrics These brain function tests are essential for diagnosing and monitoring a variety of conditions, including: Neurological Disorders : Epilepsy, traumatic brain injuries, and stroke. Cognitive Impairments : Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and age-related memory loss. Psychological Conditions : Anxiety, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Developmental Disorders : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and learning difficulties. Benefits of NeuroMetrics and PsychoMetrics NeuroMetrics and PsychoMetrics offer several advantages for both patients and clinicians: Comprehensive Assessment : Provides a detailed analysis of neurological and psychological health. Early Detection : Identifies subtle changes in brain function, enabling early intervention. Personalised Treatment : Data-driven insights guide tailored therapy and rehabilitation plans. Non-Invasive Testing : These procedures are safe and comfortable for patients of all ages. Digital Integration : Digital brain function tests streamline the process, enhancing accuracy and accessibility. How are the Tests Administered? The testing process is simple and patient-friendly, involving the following steps: Initial Consultation : A detailed discussion with a specialist to understand symptoms and medical history. Test Preparation : For NeuroMetrics, sensors are applied to the scalp to measure brain activity. PsychoMetrics involves completing cognitive and emotional tasks, often via a digital platform. Assessment and Reporting : Data is analysed to generate a comprehensive report highlighting areas of concern and potential treatment pathways. Potential Applications in Patient Care NeuroMetrics and PsychoMetrics tests are valuable tools for: Baseline Testing : Establishing a reference point for brain function before starting treatment. Monitoring Progress : Tracking changes in brain activity and cognition during therapy or rehabilitation. Preventive Care : Identifying risk factors and implementing strategies to preserve brain health. Conclusion NeuroMetrics and PsychoMetrics brain function tests represent the future of neurological and psychological diagnostics. By combining traditional methods with advanced digital technology, these tests offer precise and actionable insights into brain health. At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center, we are committed to providing advanced diagnostic services to support optimal patient care. If you or a loved one is experiencing neurological or cognitive concerns, consult our experienced team to learn how NeuroMetrics and PsychoMetrics can aid in diagnosis and treatment.

What is an Electroencephalogram (EEG)? An Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a non-invasive diagnostic test that records electrical activity in the brain. It is widely used to evaluate and diagnose neurological conditions by detecting abnormalities in the brain’s electrical patterns. An EEG provides crucial insights into brain function, making it an essential tool in modern neurology. How Does an EEG Work? The EEG measures brain activity through small electrodes placed on the scalp. These electrodes detect the brain’s electrical signals and transmit them to a computer, where they are recorded and analysed. Recording Brain Waves : The EEG captures different types of brain waves, including alpha, beta, delta, and theta waves, each associated with specific mental states or activities. Pattern Analysis : Abnormalities in the recorded wave patterns can help identify neurological conditions, such as epilepsy or sleep disorders. A Video EEG combines standard EEG monitoring with video recording to correlate brain activity with physical behaviour, offering a more comprehensive diagnostic approach. Conditions Diagnosed with EEG EEG and Video EEG are invaluable in diagnosing and managing various neurological conditions, including: Epilepsy : Identifies seizure activity and determines seizure types. Sleep Disorders : Evaluates issues like sleep apnoea, narcolepsy, and insomnia. Brain Tumours : Assesses the impact of tumours on brain activity. Stroke : Detects abnormal brain function following a stroke. Head Injuries : Evaluates the effects of trauma on brain function. Encephalitis : Monitors inflammation-related brain activity changes. Benefits of EEG and Video EEG These diagnostic tests offer several key advantages: Non-Invasive : The procedure is painless and does not involve surgery. Accurate Diagnoses : Provides precise data on brain activity to guide treatment decisions. Real-Time Monitoring : Video EEG captures simultaneous video and brain activity to identify seizure triggers and patterns. Safe for All Ages : Suitable for children and adults, including pregnant individuals. How is an EEG or Video EEG Administered? The procedure typically involves the following steps: Preparation : The patient’s scalp is cleaned, and electrodes are placed using a conductive gel. For Video EEG, a camera is positioned to record physical movements. Recording : The patient is asked to relax while brain activity is recorded, often lasting 20-40 minutes for a standard EEG. Video EEG monitoring may last several hours or days to capture rare events. Analysis : A neurologist analyses the recorded data and video footage to identify abnormalities. Potential Side Effects EEG is a safe and well-tolerated procedure. Some patients may experience minor skin irritation from the electrode gel, but no long-term side effects are associated with this test. Conclusion EEG and Video EEG are vital diagnostic tools in neurology, offering valuable insights into brain function and aiding in the management of various neurological conditions. At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center, we provide comprehensive EEG services, including advanced Video EEG monitoring, to ensure accurate diagnoses and personalised care. If you or your loved one is experiencing symptoms such as seizures, sleep disturbances, or unexplained neurological changes, consult our specialists for a thorough evaluation. Visit Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center today to learn more about how EEG can support your neurological health journey.

What are Audiograms and Vestibular Function Tests? Audiograms  and Vestibular Function Tests  are diagnostic tools used to assess hearing and balance disorders. These tests are essential for diagnosing conditions affecting the inner ear, auditory pathways, and balance system, providing valuable insights for effective treatment planning. Audiograms  evaluate hearing ability across different frequencies and volumes, helping identify hearing loss and its severity. Vestibular Function Tests  assess the balance system, particularly the vestibular organs within the inner ear, which play a crucial role in maintaining stability and spatial orientation. How Do These Tests Work? Audiograms : Pure-Tone Audiometry : Measures the faintest sounds a person can hear at various frequencies, using headphones and a soundproof environment. Speech Audiometry : Assesses the ability to hear and understand spoken words at different volumes. Vestibular Function Tests : Videonystagmography (VNG) : Tracks eye movements to evaluate balance and detect vestibular disorders. Caloric Testing : Stimulates the inner ear using warm or cold air or water to assess its response. Rotational Chair Testing : Measures how well the inner ear and brain work together to maintain balance. Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (VEMP) : Tests the vestibular system's response to sound stimuli. Conditions Diagnosed with Audiograms and Vestibular Function Tests These diagnostic tests are instrumental in evaluating various conditions, such as: Hearing Loss : Including conductive, sensorineural, or mixed hearing loss. Tinnitus : Persistent ringing or noise in the ears. Vertigo and Dizziness : Symptoms often linked to vestibular disorders. Balance Disorders : Including benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and Ménière’s disease. Acoustic Neuroma : A benign tumour affecting the hearing and balance nerves. Benefits of Audiograms and Vestibular Function Tests These tests offer several benefits: Accurate Diagnosis : Precise assessment of hearing and balance issues. Early Detection : Identification of problems at an early stage allows for timely intervention. Tailored Treatment Plans : Helps healthcare professionals customise treatment approaches based on test results. Improved Quality of Life : Timely management of hearing and balance disorders can significantly enhance daily functioning. How are Audiograms and Vestibular Function Tests Conducted? The process for both tests involves the following steps: Initial Consultation : A specialist takes a detailed medical history and evaluates symptoms to determine the appropriate tests. Test Procedure : For audiograms, patients sit in a soundproof booth and respond to tones or words. Vestibular tests may involve tracking eye movements, changes in posture, or responses to specific stimuli. Result Interpretation : The results are analysed to identify the underlying cause of the symptoms. Follow-Up Plan : Based on the findings, a personalised treatment plan is developed. Potential Side Effects Both audiograms and vestibular function tests are non-invasive and generally safe. However, some patients may experience: Mild discomfort during certain vestibular tests, such as VNG or caloric testing. Temporary dizziness or nausea, which usually resolves quickly. Conclusion Audiograms and Vestibular Function Tests are invaluable diagnostic tools for addressing hearing and balance concerns. At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center, we use advanced technology and expertise to ensure accurate diagnoses and effective care. If you are experiencing hearing difficulties, dizziness, or balance issues, our dedicated team is here to help. For comprehensive evaluation and personalised care, visit the Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center today.

What is Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy? Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) and Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy (FSRT) are advanced, minimally invasive radiation therapy techniques used to treat various conditions within the brain, spine, and other parts of the body. Despite the term "surgery," SRS is a non-surgical procedure that delivers precise, high doses of radiation to a targeted area, while FSRT delivers smaller doses over multiple sessions, reducing the impact on surrounding healthy tissues. These methods are effective for treating tumours, vascular abnormalities, and certain neurological disorders. Types of Stereotactic Radiation Therapies Both SRS and FSRT encompass a variety of techniques and applications, each tailored to the patient’s condition and specific treatment goals. Common types include: Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS): Gamma Knife Radiosurgery:  Primarily used for brain conditions, Gamma Knife focuses highly precise beams of radiation on a target area, minimising damage to healthy tissue. Linear Accelerator (LINAC)-Based Radiosurgery:  This versatile system treats conditions in the brain, spine, and other parts of the body by delivering focused radiation. CyberKnife Radiosurgery:  A robotic system capable of treating both intracranial and extracranial targets with high precision. Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy (FSRT): Hypofractionated FSRT:  Involves delivering higher doses of radiation over fewer sessions, often used for larger tumours or lesions near sensitive structures. Standard FSRT:  Administers smaller radiation doses over more sessions, making it suitable for treating tumours close to critical organs or nerves. Benefits of Stereotactic Radiosurgery and FSRT SRS and FSRT offer several advantages compared to traditional radiation therapies and invasive surgeries, including: High Precision:  The focused delivery of radiation spares healthy surrounding tissue, reducing side effects. Minimally Invasive:  Both procedures are non-surgical, avoiding the risks associated with traditional surgery. Shorter Treatment Time:  SRS is typically completed in a single session, while FSRT requires multiple, shorter sessions over days or weeks. Reduced Recovery Time:  Patients can often resume normal activities quickly following treatment. Effective for Inoperable Conditions:  These therapies are ideal for treating tumours or abnormalities in locations that are difficult or unsafe to access surgically. Symptoms and Conditions Treated with SRS and FSRT SRS and FSRT are used to treat a wide range of conditions, including: Brain Tumours:  Both malignant (e.g., glioblastomas, metastases) and benign (e.g., meningiomas, pituitary adenomas) tumours. Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs):  Abnormal tangles of blood vessels in the brain or spine. Trigeminal Neuralgia:  A chronic pain condition caused by nerve compression, effectively treated by targeting the nerve with focused radiation. Spinal Lesions:  Tumours or abnormalities affecting the spinal cord or vertebrae. Metastatic Cancer:  Cancer that has spread to the brain, spine, or other areas, where SRS or FSRT provides effective palliative care. Diagnosis and Treatment Process Diagnosis: A comprehensive evaluation is essential to determine if SRS or FSRT is appropriate. Diagnostic steps include: Medical History and Physical Examination:  To assess symptoms and overall health. Imaging Studies:  MRI, CT, or PET scans are used to pinpoint the exact location, size, and characteristics of the target area. Functional Assessments:  For conditions like trigeminal neuralgia or AVMs, tests may be conducted to evaluate nerve function or blood flow. Treatment: The process for SRS and FSRT typically involves the following steps: Pre-Treatment Planning:  Advanced imaging is combined with specialised software to create a detailed treatment plan tailored to the patient’s anatomy and condition. Immobilisation and Positioning:  A custom head frame or mask is used to ensure precise targeting during the procedure. For FSRT, this setup is repeated for each session. Radiation Delivery:  High-energy radiation beams are directed at the target area with pinpoint accuracy. SRS delivers the treatment in a single session, while FSRT spreads it over several sessions. Post-Treatment Monitoring:  Follow-up appointments and imaging are conducted to monitor the treatment's effectiveness and address any side effects. Conclusion Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) and Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy (FSRT) provide safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment options for a wide range of conditions. By delivering precise radiation therapy, these methods minimise risks, reduce recovery time, and improve patient outcomes. If you or a loved one are exploring options for managing tumours, vascular abnormalities, or other complex conditions, schedule a consultation with us today.

What are Aneurysms? An aneurysm is a localised swelling or bulge in the wall of a blood vessel, usually caused by the weakening of the vessel wall. While aneurysms can develop in any blood vessel, they are most commonly found in the brain (cerebral aneurysms) or the aorta, the main artery in the body. If untreated, aneurysms can grow, potentially leading to rupture, which may result in life-threatening complications such as internal bleeding. Types of Aneurysms Aneurysms are classified based on their location and shape: Cerebral Aneurysms (Intracranial) : Often form in arteries at the base of the brain. Subtypes include saccular (berry-shaped), fusiform (spindle-shaped), and dissecting aneurysms. Aortic Aneurysms : Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms : Occur in the chest portion of the aorta. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA) : Found in the abdominal section of the aorta, more common in older adults. Peripheral Aneurysms : Occur in arteries other than the aorta, such as the femoral or popliteal arteries. Other Locations : Includes splenic or mesenteric arteries supplying organs like the spleen or intestines. Symptoms of Aneurysms Many aneurysms remain asymptomatic until they enlarge or rupture. When symptoms occur, they depend on the aneurysm’s size and location: Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms : Headaches or pain above and behind the eye. Vision changes or double vision. Facial numbness or weakness. Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysms : Sudden, severe headache (often described as the “worst headache” of one’s life). Nausea and vomiting. Stiff neck or sensitivity to light. Loss of consciousness or seizures. Aortic Aneurysms : Thoracic: Chest pain, difficulty breathing, or coughing. Abdominal: Pulsating sensation in the abdomen, back pain, or deep abdominal discomfort. Diagnosis and Treatment Options Diagnosis : Aneurysms are often detected incidentally during imaging for other conditions. Specific diagnostic methods include: Imaging : CT angiography, MRI, or ultrasound to visualise blood vessels and measure aneurysm size. Cerebral Angiography : For detailed images of brain blood vessels. Treatment : Treatment depends on the size, location, and risk of rupture. Options include: Monitoring : Small, unruptured aneurysms may only require regular imaging to monitor growth. Surgical Interventions : Clipping : A surgical procedure to place a clip at the aneurysm’s base, stopping blood flow into it. Endovascular Coiling : Minimally invasive technique using coils to induce clotting within the aneurysm. Lifestyle Modifications and Medications : Control of blood pressure and cholesterol. Smoking cessation to reduce further weakening of blood vessels. Emergency Treatment for Ruptures : Immediate medical attention is critical for ruptured aneurysms to prevent further complications such as stroke or organ damage. Conclusion Aneurysms, while potentially dangerous, can often be effectively managed with timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. If you or a loved one are experiencing symptoms or are at risk, consult a healthcare professional promptly for evaluation. At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center, we provide comprehensive care tailored to your specific needs, from diagnostic imaging to advanced surgical interventions. Visit us today to learn more about how we can help you on your health journey.

What are Haematomas? A haematoma refers to the pooling of blood outside blood vessels, commonly caused by trauma. When occurring in the brain, haematomas are classified based on their location relative to the skull and brain tissues. These types subdural, extradural, and intracerebral haematomas can cause significant pressure on the brain, leading to life-threatening complications if not treated promptly. Types of Haematomas Haematomas in the brain are categorised into three main types: Subdural Haematoma : Occurs beneath the dura mater (the outer protective membrane of the brain). Commonly caused by a head injury that tears veins bridging the brain and dura. Can be acute, subacute, or chronic depending on the onset and severity of symptoms. Extradural Haematoma  (also known as Epidural Haematoma): Forms between the skull and the dura mater. Often associated with a skull fracture that damages arteries, particularly the middle meningeal artery. Typically has a rapid onset of symptoms, making it a medical emergency. Intracerebral Haematoma : Occurs within the brain tissue itself. Can result from trauma, high blood pressure, or rupture of blood vessels. May lead to extensive damage to brain structures due to the direct compression and swelling. Symptoms of Haematomas The symptoms of brain haematomas depend on the type, size, and location of the bleed. Common signs include: Severe headache Nausea and vomiting Loss of consciousness Seizures Weakness or numbness in limbs Difficulty with speech or vision Confusion or altered mental state Uneven pupils or difficulty moving the eyes Diagnosis and Treatment Options Diagnosis : The diagnosis of haematomas involves imaging studies and neurological assessment: CT Scan : Quickly identifies the location and extent of bleeding. MRI : Provides detailed imaging, especially for subacute and chronic haematomas. Neurological Examination : Assesses the impact on motor skills, cognition, and sensory function. Treatment : Management depends on the type, size, and symptoms of the haematoma: Subdural Haematoma : Conservative Treatment : Observation for small, asymptomatic cases. Surgery : Burr hole drainage or craniotomy to remove the clot and reduce pressure. Extradural Haematoma : Emergency Surgery : Craniotomy to evacuate the haematoma and repair damaged blood vessels. Early intervention is critical to prevent fatal outcomes. Intracerebral Haematoma : Medical Management : Includes controlling blood pressure and reducing brain swelling with medications. Surgery : Required for large haematomas causing significant pressure or damage. Conclusion Haematomas are serious conditions requiring prompt medical attention. Understanding the symptoms and seeking early evaluation can prevent severe complications. At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center, our team of specialists is equipped to diagnose and treat all types of brain haematomas, ensuring personalised and effective care. If you or a loved one are experiencing symptoms of a haematoma, consult a healthcare professional immediately for expert assistance.

What are Head Injuries? Head injuries refer to any trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain, caused by external mechanical forces. These injuries can range from mild concussions to severe brain damage. They are a significant public health concern, especially in accidents, falls, or sports-related incidents. Head injuries are classified as open or closed, depending on whether the skull is penetrated or intact. Types of Head Injuries Head injuries are categorised based on severity and the structures affected: Concussion : A mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a blow or jolt to the head. Concussions may result in temporary confusion, dizziness, or memory loss. Contusion : Bruising of the brain tissue, often associated with more severe trauma. Skull Fracture : A break in the skull bone, which can be linear, depressed, or compound, potentially damaging the underlying brain. Intracranial Haematoma : Accumulation of blood within the brain or between the brain and skull, which can increase intracranial pressure and require urgent treatment. Diffuse Axonal Injury : Widespread brain damage due to severe rotational or shearing forces, often seen in high-impact accidents. Symptoms of Head Injuries Symptoms of a head injury depend on the type and severity of the trauma. Common symptoms include: Mild Injuries : Headache Dizziness Nausea or vomiting Temporary confusion or memory loss Sensitivity to light or noise Moderate to Severe Injuries : Persistent or worsening headache Repeated vomiting or nausea Loss of consciousness Seizures Weakness or numbness in the limbs Slurred speech Difficulty concentrating or profound confusion Bleeding from the ears or nose Diagnosis and Treatment Options Diagnosis : Head injuries are evaluated using a combination of clinical assessments and imaging studies: Neurological Examination : Evaluates mental status, reflexes, and motor function. Imaging Studies : CT Scan : Quickly detects fractures, bleeding, or swelling in the brain. MRI : Provides detailed images, especially for detecting diffuse axonal injuries or soft tissue damage. Treatment : Treatment for head injuries depends on the severity: Mild Head Injuries : Rest and close observation at home. Over-the-counter pain relief medications, avoiding aspirin to prevent bleeding. Moderate to Severe Head Injuries : Hospitalisation : May involve monitoring intracranial pressure and addressing swelling. Surgery : Required in cases of skull fractures, haematomas, or other severe injuries. Rehabilitation : Physical, occupational, or speech therapy may be necessary for recovery. Conclusion Head injuries range from minor inconveniences to life-threatening conditions, necessitating timely diagnosis and care. At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center, we provide expert assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation services for individuals with head injuries. If you or someone you know has experienced a head injury, seek medical attention immediately to ensure the best possible outcome. Visit our centre for compassionate, evidence-based care.

What are Skull Fractures? A skull fracture occurs when a break or crack appears in the cranial bones. This injury is usually the result of trauma to the head, such as falls, accidents, or physical assaults. While some skull fractures are minor and heal on their own, others may be severe and lead to complications like brain injury, bleeding, or infection. Types of Skull Fractures Skull fractures are classified based on their appearance, location, and associated complications: Linear Fractures : The most common type, appearing as a simple break in the bone without movement of the fractured pieces. These are usually less severe. Depressed Fractures : Occur when part of the skull is pushed inward, potentially damaging the brain tissue underneath. Basilar Fractures : These involve a break in the bones at the base of the skull and are associated with specific signs like bruising around the eyes (raccoon eyes) or behind the ears (Battle’s sign). Diastatic Fractures : Common in infants and young children, these occur along the suture lines of the skull and may widen these natural joints. Compound Fractures : Involves a break in the skin, increasing the risk of infection as the fracture communicates with the external environment. Symptoms of Skull Fractures The symptoms of a skull fracture depend on its type and severity. Common signs include: Visible swelling or deformity of the head Bruising around the eyes or behind the ears Bleeding from the nose, ears, or wound on the head Clear fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) leaking from the ears or nose Persistent headache Loss of consciousness or confusion Seizures Nausea or vomiting Difficulty with balance, vision, or hearing Diagnosis and Treatment Options Diagnosis : Skull fractures are typically diagnosed through: Physical Examination : Identifying external signs of trauma and neurological impairment. Imaging : CT Scan : The preferred method for visualising skull fractures and detecting associated brain injuries. X-rays : May be used in some cases, although less detailed than a CT scan. Treatment : The treatment of skull fractures depends on the type and severity of the injury: Observation : Minor linear fractures without complications often require monitoring to ensure proper healing. Surgical Intervention : Required for depressed fractures, significant bleeding, or when cerebrospinal fluid leaks need repair. Surgery may involve lifting depressed bone fragments or addressing associated brain injuries. Medications : Pain management with analgesics. Antibiotics to prevent or treat infections, especially in compound fractures. Anti-seizure medications if seizures are a risk or have occurred. Supportive Care : Monitoring in a hospital for severe cases. Rehabilitation therapy for any neurological deficits that result from the injury. Conclusion While some skull fractures heal without complications, others require urgent medical intervention to prevent serious outcomes. If you or your loved one experiences a head injury with concerning symptoms, seek immediate medical attention. At the Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center, our team of specialists provides expert care for traumatic brain injuries, ensuring a tailored approach for every patient. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for recovery and quality of life. Visit us for compassionate and comprehensive care.

What are Comas? A coma is a prolonged state of unconsciousness where an individual is unresponsive to their environment and unable to wake up. Unlike sleep, a person in a coma does not respond to stimuli such as pain, light, or sound. A coma is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention to identify the underlying cause and initiate treatment. Causes of Coma Comas can result from various medical conditions or events that affect the brain. Common causes include: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) : Severe head injuries from accidents or falls. Stroke : Disruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to oxygen deprivation. Infections : Brain infections such as meningitis or encephalitis. Metabolic Imbalances : Low blood sugar, severe dehydration, or liver and kidney failure. Intoxication : Overdose of drugs or alcohol poisoning. Seizures : Prolonged or repeated seizures can lead to a coma. Hypoxia : Lack of oxygen due to cardiac arrest or drowning. Symptoms of Comas The symptoms of a coma may vary depending on the underlying cause but typically include: Lack of response to painful or verbal stimuli. Inability to open eyes or communicate. Abnormal breathing patterns. Pupils that do not respond to light. Loss of reflexes in severe cases. Diagnosis and Treatment Options Diagnosis : Diagnosing a coma involves determining the underlying cause and assessing the brain’s activity. Diagnostic tools include: Neurological Examination : To evaluate reflexes, pupil responses, and brainstem function. Imaging Tests : CT scans or MRIs to detect structural brain abnormalities, such as bleeding or tumours. Blood Tests : To check for infections, metabolic imbalances, or drug intoxication. Electroencephalogram (EEG) : To measure electrical activity in the brain and detect seizures. Treatment : Treatment focuses on stabilising the patient and addressing the root cause of the coma: Emergency Care : Ensuring adequate oxygen supply and blood circulation. Monitoring vital signs and managing any immediate threats to life. Treating the Cause : Administering medications for infections, seizures, or metabolic imbalances. Surgery may be necessary for traumatic brain injuries or to relieve pressure on the brain. Supportive Care : Providing nutrition through feeding tubes. Preventing complications such as infections or bedsores. The outcome of a coma depends on factors such as the cause, duration, and extent of brain damage. Some individuals may recover fully, while others may experience long-term disabilities or remain in a vegetative state. Rehabilitation therapies, including physical, occupational, and speech therapy, can aid recovery for those who regain consciousness. Conclusion Comas are complex medical conditions requiring immediate and specialised care. Recognising the signs and seeking prompt medical attention can be life-saving. At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center, our team of experts is equipped to provide comprehensive care for individuals experiencing a coma and their families. For more information or to consult with our specialists, visit the Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center today.