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Head and Neck Pain Easy ways to stop neck pain The Rise of Head and Neck Pain in the Modern Age There are more people suffering from head and neck pain in today’s world. Dr. Prem Pillay, a Spine and Pain Specialist, has observed a significant increase in such cases over the past 10 years. He attributes this to several factors, particularly work-style and lifestyle changes. Our 21st-century lifestyle revolves around computers, tablets, smartphones, and gaming devices. Prolonged sitting and poor posture associated with the use of these devices contribute to head and neck pain. Staring at a screen for hours can also strain the eyes and trigger headaches, explains Dr. Prem. Common Causes of Head and Neck Pain Headaches Migraine and tension headaches  are the most common types. Less common causes include strokes (such as brain aneurysm rupture)  and brain tumors . Neck problems  can also trigger headaches due to muscle tension  from prolonged sitting and computer use. Spinal Issues Leading to Neck Pain Many people with spine problems , including slipped discs , experience both headaches and neck pain . A slipped disc  occurs when the gel-like disc between spinal bones protrudes . This rubbery cushion  allows the spine to bend and move . Damage to the spine discs  can occur gradually or suddenly: Sudden damage  – Caused by car accidents or falls . Gradual damage  – Results from poor posture, prolonged sitting, carrying heavy objects, and impact sports  ( e.g., road running, weightlifting ). Dr. Prem has noted that many patients develop spinal injuries due to their work and recreational activities . When a spinal disc  protrudes, it can irritate the spinal nerves , causing muscle pain around the head, neck, and lower back . When to Seek Medical Attention Head and neck pain that persists for more than a week should be evaluated by a doctor. If you experience sudden, severe head and neck pain, which feels like the worst pain of your life, seek emergency medical care immediately, warns Dr. Prem. This could be a sign of a stroke or meningitis (a serious brain infection). Many people rely on massage therapy  for head, neck, and back pain. However, if the pain does not improve after three sessions  or returns after initial relief , you should see a Spine and Nerve Specialist . Dr. Prem  advises that MRI scans of the head and spine  can help determine the root cause of the pain. Modern Treatments for Head and Neck Pain Non-Surgical Treatments Medications  for pain relief Advanced physiotherapy  to strengthen muscles and improve posture Spine injections  using laser-like technology ( minimally invasive, no cutting or surgery required ) Minimally Invasive Spine Procedures Dr. Prem highlights the case of Mrs. Tan, who suffered from chronic head and neck pain that did not improve with massage therapy or painkillers. MRI scans revealed that her pain originated from weak or injured spinal discs. She underwent a spine injection treatment using a laser-like technology as a day procedure. She was able to go home within hours, and over the following weeks, her pain improved significantly. Work-style and lifestyle adjustments, such as ergonomic desk setups and frequent breaks from sitting, can also help prevent neck pain. Dr. Prem advocates for early education in schools, universities, and workplaces on proper posture and neck health. Easy Ways to Stop Neck Pain Stretching Exercises Performing daily neck stretches  can relieve stiffness and prevent neck pain . Try: Turning your head left and right  – Hold for a few seconds each time. Stretching your head forward and backward . Tilting your head left and right . Rotating your head in slow, circular motions . Strengthening Exercises Adding resistance to your stretches  can further strengthen the neck muscles . Place your hand on your head  and apply gentle resistance  while stretching. This helps alleviate neck and shoulder pain  and can even prevent chronic stiffness . Applying Heat Therapy Use hot showers  to relax tense neck muscles . Apply a heating pad, warm towel, or hot water bottle . Microwavable heating bags or topical balms  ( e.g., Icy Hot ) can also provide relief. Improving Posture Poor posture is a major contributor to neck pain . Maintain good posture while sitting, standing, and lifting heavy objects . Sleep on your side or back , using a supportive pillow  for your head and shoulders. A pillow between or under your legs can help reduce strain on the spine . Comprehensive Neck Pain Treatment at Singapore Brain Spine Centre At Singapore Brain Spine Centre , Dr. Prem Pillay offers: ✅ Specialist care for chronic neck pain, stiff neck, and headaches . ✅ Advanced medical imaging (MRI, CT scans) for accurate diagnosis . ✅ Minimally invasive spine treatments for long-term pain relief . Don't Let Neck Pain Control Your Life – Find Relief Today If you suffer from chronic neck pain, tension headaches, or nerve pain , it's time to seek expert care . Ignoring persistent pain can lead to more serious spinal issues. At Singapore Brain Spine Centre , we provide: 📍 Accurate diagnosis  using MRI and CT scans 📍 Personalised treatment plans  for neck pain relief 📍 Non-surgical, advanced spine treatments  for a pain-free life 📞 Take the first step towards recovery – book a consultation today

Unpacking the causes, assessments, and management strategies that help you regain control  Pain is more than just discomfort, it can affect your daily life, mobility, and overall well-being. Whether it's chronic pain, nerve pain, or unexplained discomfort , identifying the root cause  is crucial for effective treatment. At Singapore Brain Spine Centre , Dr. Prem Pillay, a Senior Neurosurgeon and Pain Specialist , offers expert pain assessment and advanced non-surgical treatments  to help patients regain control over their lives. An Expert in Identifying the Root Causes of Pain and Treating with Less Invasive, Non-Surgical Methods The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)  defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience  associated with actual or potential tissue damage . Chronic pain  is defined as pain persisting for more than 3 months . It can be classified into: Nociceptive pain Linked with an external stimulus . Neuropathic pain Caused by nerve damage , occurring even without ongoing tissue damage . Pain Terminology & Definitions Allodynia Discomfort due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain. Analgesia Absence of discomfort in response to a normally painful stimulus Anaesthesia Dolorosa Pain in an area that is anesthetic. Causalgia A syndrome of burning discomfort following nerve trauma, often with vasomotor dysfunction . Central Pain Pain caused by a lesion or dysfunction in the central nervous system . Dysesthesia An unpleasant abnormal sensation . Hyperalgesia Increased response  to a normally painful stimulus. Hypoalgesia Diminished pain response  to a normally painful stimulus. Neuralgia Pain along a nerve’s distribution. Neuritis Inflammation of nerves Neuropathy Dysfunction or damage in a nerve ( mononeuropathy, polyneuropathy, etc. ). Nociceptor   A receptor sensitive to painful stimuli . Paresthesia   Abnormal sensations such as tingling or numbness . Common Pain Problems Headaches Can be caused by: Muscle tension Migraine Neck problems  ( cervical disc prolapses ) Less commonly, strokes, brain tumors, and head injuries Face Pain Trigeminal Neuralgia  occurs due to pressure on the Vth Cranial nerve  near the brainstem , often from an abnormally positioned blood vessel . In rare cases, tumors or arteriovenous malformations  can be responsible. Neck and Back Pain Caused by: Slipped discs or herniated discs Spine tumors and spine infections Facet joint degeneration and bony spurs Degenerating discs producing inflammatory chemicals Spinal instability due to degeneration or injury Sciatica Pain radiating down a leg , often caused by nerve root compression from a slipped disc . Hand Pain Results from: Herniated discs in the neck Carpal tunnel syndrome  ( median nerve compression at the wrist ) Cubital tunnel syndrome  ( ulnar nerve compression at the elbow ) Other Pain Syndromes Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) Fibromyalgia Amputation/phantom pain Post-herpetic neuralgia Brachial/lumbar plexus avulsion pain T2 syndrome Pain Diagnosis – Finding the Root Cause It is essential to identify the root cause of pain rather than just treating symptoms. Delays in diagnosis can lead to nerve damage, weakness, or even paralysis. A detailed clinical and neurological examination by a Neurosurgeon and Pain Specialist is necessary. Appropriate diagnostic tests may include: X-rays of the spine and/or limbs MRI scans  ( Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the spine, nerves, or brain ) Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) and Electromyography (EMG) Blood tests  ( biomarkers for inflammation, infection, or cancer ) CT scan  ( Computed Tomography of painful areas ) Once the pain source  is identified, minimally invasive treatments  such as advanced pain management techniques  or day procedures  can be planned. Advanced Pain Management & Non-Surgical Treatments Dr. Prem Pillay is a leading Neurosurgeon and Pain Specialist  at Singapore Brain Spine Centre , offering: Pain relief treatments  tailored to each patient Minimally invasive pain procedures  for nerve pain, chronic pain, and neuropathy Cutting-edge medical imaging (MRI, CT scans, X-rays) for precise diagnosis Break Free from Chronic Pain – Take the First Step Today If you or a loved one is suffering from chronic pain , you don’t have to endure it alone. Identifying the root cause early can prevent further nerve damage and long-term complications. 📞 Don’t let pain control your life – book a consultation today  and take the first step toward lasting relief.

Explore how advancements in therapy and rehabilitation support spinal cord and neurological care  Modern Approaches to Treating Degenerative Spinal Diseases Spinal degenerative conditions have traditionally been treated with routine physical therapy and analgesics . Patients who fail conservative treatment  have often been treated with surgery, including discectomy and fusion . Unfortunately, the overall results of these treatments have not always been optimal , although they were considered acceptable in the 20th century . Today, there are modern and technologically advanced options  for treating degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, and segmental instability . Multidisciplinary Spine and Pain Center One significant advancement in our practice has been the development of a multidisciplinary spine and pain center . This one-stop center  provides patients with access to a full range of specialties  necessary for successful spine treatment , including: Neurosurgery Orthopedic surgery Pain management Neurology Neuro-radiology Neuroanesthesiology Physiotherapy Pharmacology Psychology Non-Surgical Treatments and Advanced Therapies For patients with milder spinal problems , the proper selection of pain medications  combined with more advanced physiotherapy , such as aquatherapy (aquaphysio),  is recommended. Patients who do not benefit from the initial spine therapy program  will be reviewed by the team. If necessary, additional tests or MRI scans  may be conducted. Selected patients may then benefit from pain procedures , including: Nerve blocks  ( epidural, facet, nerve root, etc. ) Discoplasty / Nucleoplasty  – Minimally invasive disc interventions  performed under local anesthesia  with image-guidance , including biplanar fluoro and 3D CT guidance Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery & Non-Fusion Technologies For patients where surgery is the best option , there are now less invasive techniques  available, including: Microsurgery Endoscopic microsurgery Microsurgical spinal decompression These procedures relieve spinal cord, nerve root, or cauda equina pressure  and can be supplemented by non-fusion technologies  to strengthen the spine. Fusion can often be avoided , as fusing a spinal segment has been shown to increase stress and degeneration at adjacent segments . Fusion disease  is also difficult to treat. Today, dynamic implants  play a significant role in spine surgery , allowing patients to maintain more natural spinal movement . Technological Advances in Spine Surgery With the latest developments, spinal surgery is becoming more precise and safer . Key advancements include: Intraoperative image guidance Neuro-monitoring Microsurgery advancements  ( including robotics ) These technologies contribute to better surgical outcomes and increased patient safety . Expert Spine Care at Singapore Brain Spine Centre Dr. Prem Pillay, Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon  at Singapore Brain Spine Centre , has extensive experience in treating spinal disorders  using the latest medical advancements. At Singapore Brain Spine Centre , we prioritise: ✅ Accurate diagnosis  through advanced MRI and CT scans ✅ Minimally invasive procedures  for faster recovery ✅ Personalised treatment plans  tailored to each patient Regain Mobility, Relieve Pain, Take the First Step Today If you or a loved one is struggling with spinal pain , don’t wait for it to worsen. Modern spine treatments offer solutions beyond traditional surgery. At Singapore Brain Spine Centre , we believe in evidence-based treatments  that focus on minimally invasive procedures and cutting-edge medical imaging  for better outcomes and faster recovery . 📞 Book a consultation today  and discover the best spine treatment options  tailored for you.

What You Need to Know about Back Pain and Spinal Health Why Is Back Pain Increasing? Back pain is one of the most common health complaints today, affecting people of all ages. While aging is a natural factor, modern lifestyle habits have significantly contributed to the rise in chronic back pain  and spinal issues. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options  for back pain is crucial for effective pain management  and long-term spinal health. Common Causes of Back Pain Accidents and Injuries Though less frequent today, car accidents  and trauma  can damage the spine, leading to slipped discs  and chronic back pain . Sports-Related Back Injuries Many people experience back pain  from sports activities performed without proper training or warm-up exercises . High-risk sports include: Road running  (impact on the spine) Badminton and tennis  (sudden jerking movements) Soccer and rugby  (high-impact collisions) Weight training  (lifting with poor posture) Everyday Activities and Poor Movement Habits Many people injure their backs during routine tasks , such as: Cleaning the house Lifting heavy objects incorrectly Carrying luggage while traveling These small, repetitive movements can strain the spine and lead to long-term pain and mobility issues . What Is a Slipped Disc? A slipped disc  occurs when the soft cushion-like disc between the spine bones (vertebrae) moves out of its normal position . This can put pressure on the spinal nerves , leading to pain and nerve-related symptoms. Stages of Disc Slippage A slipped disc progresses through different stages , from mild to severe: Bulging Disc The disc swells slightly. Protrusion   The disc extends further but remains intact. Extrusion   The disc begins to break away from its normal position. Sequestration   A piece of the disc ruptures completely  and presses on the spinal nerves. As the pressure builds up on the nerves , it can cause a range of symptoms depending on the affected spinal region. Signs That Your Back Pain May Be a Spine Problem When a disc presses on the spinal nerves , it can cause pain in different parts of the body, depending on the location of the issue: Neck pain If the affected disc is in the cervical spine. Back pain If the affected disc is in the lumbar spine. Arm pain and weakness If the compressed nerve affects the upper limbs. Leg pain (sciatica) If the compressed nerve affects the lower spine. Severe cases can cause numbness, tingling, or even loss of bladder and bowel control , which require immediate medical attention. Effective Back Pain Treatment & Pain Management Non-Surgical Approaches Many cases of chronic back pain  and slipped discs can be managed with conservative treatments , including: Physical therapy   Strengthens the back muscles and improves flexibility. Pain management techniques Medications, muscle relaxants, and non-invasive treatments. Lifestyle modifications Correcting posture and reducing heavy lifting. Minimally Invasive & Surgical Treatments For severe cases, minimally invasive spine procedures  may be required, such as: Laser spine therapy Reduces nerve pressure without surgery. Microdiscectomy Removes the damaged disc portion pressing on nerves. Disc replacement surgery Replaces a severely damaged disc with an artificial one. When to Seek Medical Attention for Back Pain ⚠ Pain that does not improve with rest or medication ⚠ Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs ⚠ Weakness in the limbs ⚠ Difficulty walking or standing for long periods ⚠ Loss of bladder or bowel control  ( urgent medical attention needed ) If the nerve is compressed severely or for too long , recovery may be incomplete even after surgery . Early diagnosis and intervention  are essential for preventing long-term damage . Preventing Chronic Back Pain To reduce the risk of developing chronic back pain , I recommend: Maintaining good posture Avoid slouching and keep your screen at eye level . Regular physical therapy exercises Strengthen core muscles to support the spine. Using ergonomic workstations Adjust chair height, monitor position, and desk setup . Taking frequent breaks Avoid prolonged sitting and repetitive movements. Stretching exercises Improve flexibility and reduce stiffness. Specialist Back Pain Treatment at Singapore Brain Spine Centre At Singapore Brain Spine Centre , we provide: Comprehensive back pain assessments Advanced imaging to diagnose spinal conditions Minimally invasive and non-surgical treatment options Struggling with Chronic Back Pain? Get Expert Help Today If you experience persistent back pain, leg pain, or nerve-related symptoms , it’s important to seek medical evaluation. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent further complications. Book a consultation today at Singapore Brain Spine Centre  and take the first step toward pain relief and recovery.

Understanding the Role of Scans in Diagnosing Spine and Brain Issues Spine problems can cause Back pain and Neck Pain , but certain spine problems can lead to nerve damage  with consequent Weakness, Increased Pain, and Numbness , including in the Body, Arms, and Legs ; Bladder and Bowel loss of control , and even Paralysis . Damage or injury to Spine Nerves  beyond a certain level results in chronic problems , and we don’t have the technology yet to reliably replace and repair these Spine Nerves . Many people treat their Back Pains and Neck Pains  with Pain Medications and Patches, TCM, Chiro, Osteo, Yoga, Pilates, Physio, and Massage therapy  but don’t find out the root of their problems  in the Spine . Not all problems are from muscle strains  around the Spine . In general, if your Back Pain and Neck Pain  cannot be relieved by at least 2-3 sessions of therapy , you should get your Spine checked  by a real Medical Spine Specialist  at a Spine Center . A proper Spine Check with Scans  can allow an accurate Diagnosis  of your Spine problem . Spine problems  include: Spine Disc injury and disease Spine bone injury and disease Spine joint injury and disease Spine Tumors including Spine Cancer Spine Infections Spine Arthritis and Degeneration , including Spondylosis, Spine Stenosis, Spondylolisthesis, Disc Degeneration, and Facet Arthropathy This is not an exhaustive list. Earlier Diagnosis  can lead to better and less invasive Spine treatments  and reduce the chance of future serious problems  as described above. A Healthy Spine  allows better Mobility, less Pain , and an improved quality of Work Life, Home Life, and Recreational Life . WHAT IS A SPINE CHECK? A Proper Spine Check  is a Medical Specialist Spine Assessment and Examination . Medical Spine Specialists  are specially Qualified, Trained, and Accredited  (by the Ministry of Health , with Recognised Medical Degrees  accredited by the Medical Council  and International Medical Specialist training and qualifications  recognised by the Singapore Academy of Medicine, USA, Canada, UK , etc.). This is not the same as those who have trained as non-medical Doctors  and are not recognised by the Ministry of Health . In the Spine Check , the Real Spine Specialist  will collect a detailed story of your complaints  (current and past), any other illnesses, medications, allergies (History) , and then carry out a Clinical Physical Spine and Nerve Examination . The Spine Nerves  are the most important part of your Spine , and a proper Nerve examination  is essential . During the examination, the following are assessed: Spine mobility Tender spine points Tense muscle areas Motor strength Sensation disturbances Reflexes Gait analysis Based on all these, the Spine Specialist  will arrive at a possible cause ( Clinical Diagnosis ) and suggest the necessary tests . SPINE SCAN AND TESTS CT Scan (Computed Tomography) of the Spine Used for fine bone details , vertebral bodies, and facet joints. Also useful for calcification assessment  such as Ossification of Spine Ligaments  or checking Fusion success after surgery . MRI Scan (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) of the Spine Provides the clearest image  of the Spine, especially the Discs and Nerves . MRI does not use radiation  but magnetic waves , making it safe and effective  for detecting Spine Tumors and Cancer . X-rays of the Spine   High-resolution digital scans  provide clear images  of the Spine bones and their alignment . Can be taken for different spine sections: Cervical (Neck), Thoracic (Mid-back), and Lumbar-Sacral (Lower back) . EMG/NCS (Electromyogram/Nerve Conduction Studies) Measures electrical signals from Muscles and Nerves  to determine the level of spine nerve impingement  or other neurological issues. Bone Mineral Density (DEXA Scan) Measures Calcium Minerals  in the bones to diagnose osteopenia or osteoporosis  and initiate preventive treatment early . Blood Tests Depending on the clinical and radiological diagnosis , blood tests may be ordered, including: Inflammation markers  ( ESR, CRP ) White cell counts  (infection screening) Calcium, Phosphate, Vitamin D levels  (bone health) Vitamin B12 and Folate levels  (nerve health) With many years of experience  in treating Spine problems  and access to the latest technological advancements , Dr Prem Pillay  is committed to offering patients the highest standard of care . From accurate diagnosis  to tailored treatment plans , our approach aims for the best possible outcomes  for individuals affected by this challenging condition . Take Control of Your Spine Health, Don’t Wait for It to Get Worse If you or a loved one has been suffering from Back Pain or Neck Pain , it could be a sign of a serious spine problem . Instead of masking the pain  with medications or therapy, take the proactive step  of getting a Spine Check  to identify the root cause . At Singapore Brain Spine Centre , we believe in early detection and evidence-based treatments . Our Medical Imaging Services , including MRI scans, CT scans, and other advanced radiology techniques , provide clear and precise diagnoses . 📞 Don’t ignore persistent pain – book a consultation today. 💡 Together, we can conduct the necessary Spine Checks and Scans for an accurate diagnosis and create a personalised treatment plan.

A step-by-step guide to preparing for spine and brain procedures Older adults who “train” for a major operation by exercising, eating a healthy diet, and practising stress reduction techniques preoperatively have shorter hospital stays  and are more likely to return to their own homes afterward rather than another facility, compared with similar patients who do not participate in preoperative rehabilitation, according to research findings. The new study, which appears in the Journal of the American College of Surgeons  website in advance of print, evaluated a home-based programme of preoperative rehabilitation – called prehabilitation  – for Michigan Medicare beneficiaries. Prehabilitation is good for patients, providers, and payers,” said study co-author Michael Englesbe, a liver transplant surgeon at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. “We believe every patient should train for a major operation. It’s like running a 5K race: You have to prepare." Involving physical and lifestyle changes, prehabilitation , or “prehab,” optimises a patient’s well-being and ability to withstand the stress of undergoing an operation, Dr Englesbe said. Past studies show that prehabilitation lowers the rate of postoperative complications and speeds the patient’s return to their normal functioning, among other advantages. “Prehab has been gaining momentum over the past 10 years. More surgeons and other clinicians are appreciating its benefits,” Dr Englesbe said. “However, the feasibility and value of broad implementation of prehabilitation outside the research environment were unknown.” For this new study, researchers tested the real-world effectiveness and cost savings of prehabilitation. Patients underwent diverse cardiothoracic and abdominal operations  at 21 hospitals in Michigan that participated in a statewide prehabilitation programme called the Michigan Surgical & Health Optimisation Program (MSHOP) . Patients’ surgeons referred them to MSHOP if they were at high risk of postoperative complications , Dr Englesbe, programme co-developer and director, said. MSHOP involved a home-based walking programme  in which surgical patients tracked their steps using a pedometer and received daily reminders and feedback through phone, email, or text messages. Programme participants received educational materials on nutrition, relaxation techniques, and smoking cessation  as well. They also practised using an incentive spirometer . Included in the study were 523 Medicare patients  who participated in MSHOP for at least one week before an inpatient operation and filed Medicare claims between 2014 and 2017, according to the article. For comparison, the researchers used Medicare claims data during the same period to identify 1,046 matched controls : patients with similar demographic characteristics and coexisting illnesses who had the same operation at the same hospital but did not take part in prehabilitation. The average age of patients and controls was 70 years . Participation in MSHOP ranged from 11 to 33 days , the researchers reported. Of the participants, 62 per cent  were reportedly “engaged” in the prehabilitation programme, defined as recording step counts three or more times per week for most of the programme. Thirty-nine patients (7.5 per cent)  asked to be removed from the programme, but they remained in the statistical data analysis. For both groups, the study authors analysed data for the hospitalisation and 90 days afterward . Participation in prehabilitation was significantly associated with several improved outcomes that are important to patients or insurers, according to the researchers: The hospital length of stay  was shorter by one day , with a median of six days for participating patients  versus seven days for controls , who received no prehabilitation. Programme participants were more likely to be discharged from the hospital to home : 65.6 per cent  versus 57 per cent of controls . Medicare paid nearly $3,200 less  in total payments for both hospital and posthospital care (what Medicare calls an “episode of care”) for patients who underwent prehabilitation than for controls. Insurance payments  were especially lower among patients for posthospital care, including skilled nursing facility. “Every patient scheduled for a major operation, not just those at high risk, should ask their surgeon for a prehabilitation programme,” Dr Englesbe recommended. Although the study did not evaluate patient satisfaction with prehabilitation, Dr Englesbe said patients at his medical centre who completed MSHOP described their surgical experience positively, using words such as “empowering.”  Some patients requested MSHOP when they required another operation, he said Dr Prem Pillay, a Singapore Spine and Nerve Specialist , agrees that prehab is useful for older patients and even younger patients with chronic illnesses  to improve their overall fitness. He also recommends that his patients eat healthy, preferably a plant-based diet , sleep 8 hours a day , do light daily exercise , engage in calming activities including meditation , and hydrate well . This should also be continued during the post-surgery recovery period  once patients are sent home, explains Dr Prem. Take Charge of Your Health – Prepare for a Smoother Spine and Brain Surgery Recovery Facing spine surgery, brain surgery, or minimally invasive surgery  can feel daunting, but taking small steps before your procedure can transform your recovery journey . Prehabilitation isn’t just about surgery, it’s about giving yourself the best chance at healing well and returning to your normal life sooner. At Singapore Brain Spine Centre , we encourage our patients to take control of their health before and after surgery . Whether you’re preparing for neurosurgery, minimally invasive surgery, or other treatments , a structured prehabilitation plan  can make a difference. Don’t wait until after surgery to start healing, begin today. 📞 Schedule a consultation with Dr Prem Pillay  and start your journey toward a faster, smoother recovery.

Tethered cord syndrome in adults Tethered Cord Syndrome refers to an abnormality at the end of the spinal cord called the conus. This occurs when inelastic tissue, usually the filum terminale, exits from the conus and ends at the tailbone (sacrum), limiting movement. This affects the function of the spinal nerves and the conus. It is usually a developmental issue related to the closure of the neural tube in the embryo before birth and is associated with Spina Bifida. Most cases are detected in childhood, making adult tethered cord syndrome far less common. In adults, this condition may sometimes be acquired due to factors such as infection, scarring, tumours, or spinal cord injury. Symptoms of Adult Tethered Cord Although back pain  and leg pain  can be symptoms of tethered cord syndrome, it is essential to note that more common causes include musculoskeletal pain  from the muscles and joints of the spine due to injury, inflammation, or degeneration. Other symptoms may include: Progressive sensory and motor weakness  affecting the legs, leading to numbness, weakness, and sometimes muscle wasting (atrophy) . Bladder and bowel disturbances , such as increased frequency, urgency, incontinence, or constipation. Chronic pain  in the lower back or legs, which may be linked to nerve compression. In some cases, nerve pain  may be present, adding to the discomfort and affecting daily activities. At Singapore Brain Spine Centre , accurate diagnosis through imaging techniques such as MRI scans  is essential before considering treatment options. In the absence of MRI findings indicating a tethered cord, caution should be exercised before opting for surgery. Take the First Step Towards Relief and Recovery Living with persistent nerve pain, chronic pain , or neurological symptoms can be overwhelming, but you don’t have to navigate this journey alone. If you’ve been experiencing unexplained back pain, leg weakness, or bladder issues , it’s time to take control of your health. At Singapore Brain Spine Centre , we understand how pain can impact not just your body but your daily life and emotional well-being. Our team is dedicated to helping you find answers and the right course of action for your condition. Don’t let uncertainty hold you back. Reach out today to book a consultation  and take the first step toward relief, recovery, and a better quality of life.

Neurosurgical Procedures & Treatments  Understanding Neurosurgical Procedures & Treatments The brain and spine are among the most complex structures in the human body, and when conditions affecting them arise, specialised neurosurgical treatments may be required. From minimally invasive procedures to major surgeries, advancements in neurosurgery have made it possible to treat a wide range of conditions, including brain tumors, spinal disorders, nerve compression, and cerebrovascular diseases. At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Centre, we provide cutting-edge treatments that help patients regain mobility, manage pain, and improve their quality of life. Below is a glossary of essential neurosurgical procedures and treatments, designed to help patients and their families understand the different options available for brain and spine care. Anesthesia -Loss of sensation in a body part induced by the administration of a drug. Anesthesiologist -Physician who administers pain-killing medications during surgery. Craniotomy -Opening of the skull, usually by removing a flap of bone to gain access to the brain. Endarterectomy -Removal of fatty or cholesterol plaques and calcified deposits from the internal wall of an artery. Foraminotomy -Surgical opening or enlargement of the bony opening traversed by a nerve root as it leaves the spinal canal. Laminectomy -Complete removal of one or more laminae of the vertebrae. Laminotomy -Partial removal of one or more of the lamina. Neurolysis -Removal of scar or reactive tissue from a nerve or nerve root. Proton Beam Therapy -using high energy protons to treat Brain and Spine tumors Shunt -A tube or device implanted in the body to divert excess cerebrospinal fluid away from the brain to another place in the body. Spinal Fusion -Operative method of joining two or more vertebrae to treat such conditions as degenerative disc disease, scoliosis, spinal tumors and others. Stereotactic Radiosurgery -The minimally-invasive delivery of radiation to a preselected, localized target; performed in treatment of benign and malignant tumors. Transsphenoidal Approach - Operative method of reaching the pituitary gland or skull base traversing the nose and sinuses. Ventriculostomy - A procedure in which a hole is created in the cerebral ventricle to drain cerebrospinal fluid or blood from the central nervous system; a means to relieve pressure from the brain and spinal cord. An endoscopic third ventriculostomy uses a tiny telescope to create a new passage for the drainage of CSF and this may mean a VP shunt is not needed . Neurosurgical procedures  are considered for a range of brain, nerve, and spine conditions . Some examples include: Minimally invasive techniques  ( Endarterectomy, Foraminotomy, Laminotomy ) – Used to relieve pressure on nerves or improve blood flow. Spinal procedures  ( Laminectomy, Spinal Fusion, Neurolysis ) – Considered in specific spinal conditions. Treatment options for certain brain conditions  ( Proton Beam Therapy, Stereotactic Radiosurgery ) – Delivered with medical guidance. Fluid drainage procedures  ( Shunt placement, Ventriculostomy ) – Used in cases where cerebrospinal fluid management is required. Surgical approaches for specific brain conditions  ( Craniotomy, Transsphenoidal Approach ) – Performed based on clinical indications. Each treatment is carefully considered based on an individual’s unique medical condition, overall health, and medical history . The goal is always to provide the best possible care and support  in a way that prioritises safety and well-being . At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Centre , we understand that seeking treatment for a neurological or spinal condition can feel overwhelming. You are not alone in this journey—our dedicated medical professionals are here to provide guidance, care, and reassurance. If you or a loved one are experiencing concerns related to brain or spine health, we encourage you to seek expert medical advice. Taking the first step toward understanding your health can make all the difference.

Symptoms & Related Terms The human body has a remarkable way of communicating when something is wrong. However, some neurological and spinal conditions present with subtle or silent symptoms that are often overlooked. From unexplained muscle weakness to dizziness, loss of sensation, or difficulty with speech, these signals may indicate underlying nerve, brain, or spine-related issues. At Singapore Brain Spine and Nerve Centre, we specialise in identifying and treating these conditions before they progress. Below is a list of common medical terms and symptoms that could be signs of an underlying neurological disorder, spinal issue, or vascular condition. Recognising these signs early can help ensure timely intervention and better health outcomes. Analgesia- Loss of sensitivity to pain or loss of response to a painful stimulus; achieved by the use of an analgesic, or painkiller. AnosmiC- To be without the sense of smell. Apnea- An interruption in breathing. Atrophy- A wasting of the tissues in a body part. Bradykinesia- Slowness in movement; can be a symptom of nervous system disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. Diplopia-  Double vision, usually due to weakness or paralysis of one or more of the extra ocular muscles. Dysphasia- Difficulty in the use of language due to a brain lesion. Edema- An excessive accumulation of fluid; cerebral edema occurs in the in extracellular or intracellular areas of the brain. Hemorrhage- Bleeding due to leaks from a blood vessel (internal) or through a cut or natural opening in the body (external). Hyperacusis- Abnormal sensitivity of hearing or auditory sensation. Hyperesthesia- Excessive sensitivity to touch, pain or other stimuli. Ischemia - Inadequate circulation of blood generally due to a blockage of an artery, low glucose levels and other causes. Nystagmus - Involuntary rapid movement of the eyes in the horizontal, vertical or rotary planes of the eyeball. Postictal- State following a seizure, often characterized by altered function of the limbs and/or mentation. Proprioception- Sensation concerning movements of joints and position of the body in space. Scotoma- An area of decreased vision surrounded by an area of less depressed or normal vision. Strabismus- Deviation of eye movement which prevents the two eyes from moving in a parallel fashion. Vertigo- An abnormal sensation of rotation or movement of one’s self or the environment. Understanding medical terminology related to brain, nerve, and spine health can help you recognise early warning signs of potential disorders. Some of the common symptoms include: Pain or sensory disturbances ( Analgesia, Hyperesthesia ) Breathing or movement abnormalities ( Apnea, Bradykinesia, Atrophy ) Vision and balance problems ( Diplopia, Nystagmus, Vertigo, Strabismus, Scotoma ) Circulatory issues affecting the brain ( Ischemia, Hemorrhage, Edema ) Neurological impairments in speech or coordination ( Dysphasia, Postictal states, Proprioception loss ) If you or a loved one experiences persistent or unexplained symptoms, consulting a neurological and spinal specialist is essential. At Singapore Brain Spine and Nerve Centre , we provide comprehensive diagnostics and advanced treatment options to help manage and prevent serious neurological and spinal conditions. Early detection and treatment can make all the difference. If you notice any of these symptoms, schedule a consultation today.

Diagnostic &  Medical Imaging  Medical imaging plays a vital role in diagnosing and understanding conditions that affect the brain and spine. Through advanced imaging techniques, healthcare professionals can gain detailed insights into blood flow, nerve activity, and structural changes in the nervous system. These scans help in detecting conditions early and guiding appropriate treatment. At Singapore Brain Spine and Nerves Centre, we utilise medical imaging to assess neurological health with accuracy and precision. This blog explores various brain and spine scan tools, including MRI, CT scans, angiography, and electroencephalography (EEG), explaining how each imaging method contributes to neurological evaluation. Understanding these tests can help in preparing for medical assessments and making informed healthcare decisions. Angiogram  - A medical imaging report that depicts the blood vessels traveling to and within the brain; test usually is performed by injecting a special dye through a catheter. Angiography -  Radiography of blood vessels using the injection of material opaque to X-rays to increase visibility of the vessels. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan  - A diagnostic imaging technique in which a computer reads X-rays to create a three-dimensional map of soft tissue or bone. Doppler  - A non-invasive study that uses sound waves to show the flow in a blood vessel; can be used to determine the degree of narrowing (percent stenosis) of the vessel. Electroencephalography (EEG)  -The study of the electrical activity in the brain. The record made is called an electroencephalogram. Electromyography (EMG ) -A method of recording the electrical currents generated in a muscle. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)  -  Diagnostic test that produces three-dimensional images of body structures using powerful magnets and computer technology. Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) -A noninvasive study that is conducted in a Magnetic Resonance Imager (MRI) . The magnetic images provide an image of the arteries in the head and neck. Myelogram  -An X-ray of the spinal canal following injection of a contrast material into the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid spaces. Ultrasound  - The use of high-frequency sound to create images of internal body structures. X-ray  - Application of electromagnetic radiation to produce a film or picture of a bone or soft-tissue area of the body. Medical imaging provides valuable information about the brain and spine, helping healthcare professionals assess neurological function and detect potential concerns. Techniques such as MRI and CT scans  offer detailed images of soft tissues and bones, while angiograms and Doppler studies  examine blood flow within the brain and major vessels. Tests like EEG and EMG  measure electrical activity, providing insights into nerve and muscle function. Each imaging technique serves a unique purpose in neurological assessment. If you require further evaluation, a healthcare professional can recommend the most suitable test based on your symptoms and medical history. At Singapore Brain Spine and Nerves Centre , we are committed to providing thorough assessments and expert care in neurological imaging. If you have any concerns, consulting a medical specialist can offer clarity and guidance on the next steps.

Brain & Nervous System Anatomy & Function   The human nervous system is a complex and highly organised network that controls movement, sensation, and thought. At the centre of this system is the brain, which works together with the spinal cord and nerves to regulate essential bodily functions. Understanding the different parts of the brain and nervous system can help in appreciating how the body functions every day. At Singapore Brain Spine and Nerves Centre , we believe that knowledge is key to neurological health. This blog provides an overview of key structures within the nervous system, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, thalamus, and ventricles , as well as the protective layers that surround the brain and spinal cord. Learning about these structures offers insight into how the body processes information and maintains balance, coordination, and overall function. Arachnoid Mater - One of the three meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord, it is the delicate middle layer of these three membranes. Axon - A part of a nerve cell that conducts electrical signals to other nerves or structures. Caudate Nucleus - Part of the basal ganglia, which are brain cells that lie deep in the brain. Cerebellum - The lower part of the brain; located beneath the posterior portion of the cerebrum, that regulates unconscious coordination of movement. Cerebrum - The principal portion of the brain; occupies the major portion of the interior of the skull and controls conscious movement, sensation and thought. Cerebrospinal Fluid - Water-like fluid that circulates around and protects the brain and spinal cord. Choroid Plexus -A vascular structure in the ventricles of the brain where cerebrospinal fluid is produced. Dura Mater - A tough fibrous membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord; the outermost layer of three membranes. Hypothalamus - A collection of specialised nerve cells at the base of the brain that controls the anterior and posterior pituitary secretions; is involved in other basic regulatory functions such as body temperature, hunger and thirst. Leptomeninges - Two thin layers of fine tissue covering the brain and spinal cord; consists of the pia mater and the arachnoid. Occiput - The back part of the head Thalamus - A structure in the brain associated with transmitting sensory and motor signals; also controls sleep and attentiveness.  Vermis - Middle part of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres; plays a part in body posture and motion. Ventricles - The chambers within the brain that contain the cerebrospinal fluid. The nervous system plays a crucial role in daily life by controlling movement, thought, and body functions. Different parts of the brain, such as the cerebrum and cerebellum, are responsible for conscious and unconscious activities, while structures like the thalamus and hypothalamus regulate sensory signals and essential bodily processes. The brain is protected by layers of membranes, including the arachnoid mater and dura mater, and is supported by cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions and nourishes the nervous system. Understanding the nervous system provides valuable knowledge about how the body functions. If you have concerns about neurological health, consulting a healthcare professional can provide further guidance and evaluation. At Singapore Brain Spine and Nerves Centre , we are dedicated to sharing medical insights and supporting neurological health.

What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)? Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that uses powerful magnets, radio waves, and computer technology to create detailed images of the brain and surrounding structures. Unlike X-rays or CT scans, MRI does not use ionising radiation, making it a safer alternative for capturing high-resolution images of soft tissues. MRI is a cornerstone in diagnosing a wide range of neurological conditions, from tumours to degenerative diseases, providing critical insights into brain health and function. How Does MRI Work? MRI uses a combination of magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of the brain: Magnetic Fields : The strong magnetic field aligns hydrogen atoms in the body. Radio Waves : Pulses of radio waves cause these atoms to emit signals. Image Creation : These signals are captured and processed by a computer to generate highly detailed, cross-sectional images of the brain. MRI can be enhanced with contrast agents, such as gadolinium, which are injected intravenously to highlight specific structures or abnormalities. Conditions Diagnosed with MRI MRI of the brain is instrumental in diagnosing a wide variety of conditions, including: Brain Tumours : Detects the presence, size, and location of tumours. Stroke : Identifies areas of the brain affected by reduced blood flow or haemorrhage. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) : Visualises lesions and tracks disease progression. Aneurysms : Detects abnormalities in blood vessels. Infections : Diagnoses conditions such as meningitis or encephalitis. Traumatic Brain Injury : Reveals damage to brain tissues. Neurodegenerative Diseases : Assesses changes associated with conditions like Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease. Benefits of MRI MRI offers several advantages: Non-Invasive : No surgical intervention is required, and there is no exposure to ionising radiation. High Resolution : Produces highly detailed images of brain structures, making it ideal for diagnosing complex conditions. Versatility : Capable of imaging both functional and structural aspects of the brain. Early Detection : Helps identify conditions in their early stages, improving treatment outcomes. How is MRI Performed? The MRI procedure typically involves the following steps: Preparation : Patients are asked to remove metal objects and change into a hospital gown. In some cases, a contrast agent may be administered. Scanning : The patient lies on a motorised table, which slides into the MRI scanner. The scanner is a large, tube-shaped machine. Imaging : The machine produces a series of loud thumping sounds as it captures images. Patients are provided with earplugs or headphones to reduce noise. Duration : The procedure usually lasts between 30 and 60 minutes, depending on the complexity of the scan. Potential Considerations While MRI is generally safe, there are a few considerations: Claustrophobia : Some patients may feel discomfort in the enclosed space of the MRI machine. Open MRI scanners or sedatives can help alleviate anxiety. Metal Implants : Patients with certain implants, such as pacemakers, may not be eligible for MRI due to interference with the magnetic field. Contrast Reactions : Allergic reactions to contrast agents are rare but possible. Conclusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the brain is a powerful tool for diagnosing and managing a wide range of neurological conditions. Its ability to produce detailed, accurate images without radiation makes it an indispensable component of modern medical diagnostics. At Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center, we prioritise patient comfort and accuracy in our MRI services, using advanced technology to ensure reliable results. If you require an MRI or are experiencing symptoms that warrant neurological evaluation, consult our team for expert care and guidance.